Internet shutdowns continue to inflict heavy economic and social costs across Africa, UNESCO has warned, urging governments to prioritise connectivity as a cornerstone of democratic rights and freedom of expression.
According to a report cited by the UN agency, sub-Saharan Africa lost an estimated US$1.56 billion in 2024 due to government-imposed Internet restrictions. Although down slightly from US$1.74 billion in 2023, the figure underscores the persistence of shutdowns that slow digital economic growth. Sudan alone accounted for roughly US$1.12 billion, or nearly 72 percent of the regional total. Other countries, including Ethiopia and Kenya, lost US$211.2 million and US$75 million, respectively, as authorities disrupted access amid political crises, protests, and security tensions.
UNESCO’s statement, released on January 21, emphasised that Internet access is a central component of democratic participation. “Connectivity is not a luxury but a fundamental right that supports freedom of expression, education, and civic engagement,” it said. The agency urged states to implement policies that maintain online access, particularly during elections or periods of political unrest.
Global data from digital rights group Access Now shows that governments imposed at least 300 shutdowns worldwide over the past two years, making 2024 the worst year for Internet disruptions since 2016. In sub-Saharan Africa, shutdowns totaled 32,938 hours, affecting over 111 million Internet users. Measures ranged from full network blackouts and social media blocks to intentional throttling of bandwidth.
Authorities typically justify such actions on grounds of national security, public order, or combating disinformation. However, UNESCO cautioned that shutdowns often exacerbate these challenges, by hindering journalists, weakening media ecosystems, and encouraging the spread of unverified information. The agency noted that restrictions also infringe on related rights, including access to education, freedom of assembly, and participation in public life, while eroding trust in digital services.
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The Top10VPN Global Cost of Internet Shutdowns 2024 report, cited by UNESCO, calculated losses based on digital GDP, shutdown duration, and the number of users affected. The report highlighted that both businesses and telecom operators bear the brunt, while governments themselves forgo significant revenues.
Africa has increasingly relied on digital technologies to drive growth, expand financial inclusion, and modernise public services. Experts warn that repeated shutdowns threaten these efforts, undermining investments in the digital economy and slowing the continent’s broader economic development.
