The United States is increasingly depending on African nations to secure critical minerals essential to its economy, with South Africa and Gabon emerging as key strategic suppliers.
New data shows that Gabon supplies 100 percent of the US’s manganese imports, while South Africa provides a dominant share of several high value minerals, including 89 percent of platinum, 79 percent of chromium, and 57 percent of palladium. These materials are vital for industries ranging from electric vehicles and renewable energy to defence systems and advanced electronics.
The shift reflects a broader geopolitical realignment. Washington is actively working to reduce its reliance on China, which currently dominates global supply chains for many critical minerals, particularly in processing and refining. By diversifying sourcing, the US aims to strengthen supply chain resilience and reduce exposure to geopolitical risks.
Despite this pivot, the US remains heavily dependent on imports. Out of 37 critical minerals tracked in 2025, it is fully import dependent on 11, with several others largely sourced from foreign partners. Key materials such as graphite and tantalum are still predominantly supplied by China, while others like niobium and gallium come from countries including Brazil and Canada.
This level of dependence highlights a structural vulnerability. Critical minerals are central to modern economies, powering everything from semiconductors and batteries to aerospace and telecommunications systems. Any disruption in supply can have far reaching economic and security implications.
Africa’s growing role in this space is significant. The continent is estimated to hold about 30 percent of the world’s critical mineral reserves, positioning it as a major player in the global energy transition. However, much of the value chain remains external, with processing and manufacturing largely concentrated outside Africa.
For countries like South Africa and Gabon, this presents a dual opportunity. On one hand, rising global demand increases export potential and strengthens their geopolitical relevance. On the other, it exposes a long standing challenge: capturing more value locally rather than exporting raw materials.
Analysts argue that without investment in refining and industrial capacity, African nations risk remaining suppliers of unprocessed resources while higher value activities take place elsewhere. This dynamic has historically limited the economic benefits of resource wealth across the continent.
There is also increasing competition. As demand for critical minerals accelerates, major economies are intensifying efforts to secure stable supply chains. This could lead to stronger partnerships with African countries but also raises concerns about resource nationalism, environmental impact, and equitable distribution of benefits.
For the United States, the strategy is about security and sustainability. Ensuring consistent access to critical minerals is essential for maintaining technological leadership and supporting the transition to clean energy.
For Africa, the moment is strategic. The continent is no longer just resource rich, it is becoming central to the future of global industry. The key question is whether countries can leverage this position to drive industrialisation and long term economic transformation.
